7. Performance and teaching tips

Task 1 –Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate a minimum of six false casts with narrow loops on both the forward and back casts.

This task is critical for success in the Exam. First, you will have very little chance of properly performing many of the tasks in the exam if you are not casting good conforming loops back and front.
Perhaps even more importantly, Task 1 repeats itself as the start of almost every other Task of the exam. If your casts don’t conform, you will fail those Tasks even if you hit targets, do nice mends, and so forth.
Be certain that your loops conform to the General Performance Standards.
What Else to Watch: Wide back cast loops, especially pickups with 180 degree violations due to horizontal tip path.Tailing loops; curved tracking and lateral 180 degree violations both causing out-of-plane loops, too much force, casting too fast. Watching back cast loops generally helps you control them, and an open stance can help with both that and increasing stroke length for greater control. Watching the reel can help keep your tracking straight.

Task 2. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate wide loops on both forward and back casts.

Occasionally, the wide loops demonstrated are not wide enough. The wide-loop casts should be 3 ft. wider than the narrow loops demonstrated in Task 1.
No ticking allowed.
What Else to Watch: Applying too much force early and upwards while moving the whole arm in a convex path on both forward and back casts can help avoid ticking.

Task 3. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate a tailing loop on a forward cast.

Know two common actions by a caster that can result in tailing loops:

Improper (Uneven) Force Application. The most common cause of a tailing loop is accelerating the rod unevenly, which makes the rod tip dip and rise to cause a tailing loop. This often happens by going too slowly early in the casting stroke, leading to faster acceleration later to compensate.
A casting arc that is too narrow for the bend in the rod, which causes a concave rod tip path. Inappropriate application of force is present with too narrow a casting arc (same amount of energy applied in a shorter distance). A certain amount of energy is required to make the cast. If that proper amount of energy is applied over too short a distance (narrow casting arc) there will be a tailing loop due to the resulting concave tip path. The only fix is widening the casting arc. Reducing energy will result in too little rod/line speed to make the cast. Increasing stroke length tends to increase arc width as well
Note that in Teaching Task 20, candidates must explain how creep might contribute to a tailing loop.

4 Consider this diagram by Bruce Richards applied to a back cast pickup, which needs to be angled upwards to avoid a 180 degree violation. After the pickup back cast, the line will fall quickly, so all the subsequent casts should have a more horizontal tip path.

What Else to Watch: Casting too fast with too much force. Understand tails are most easily demonstrated by contrasts in force/sudden power spikes, which bounce the rod tip. Casting relatively slowly and then thumbing it hard is a simple way to do this. Good back casts.

Task 4. Starting with the fly at 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate a reach mend without slipping line. Then demonstrate a second reach mend with slipping line. The candidate will be asked to explain the uses of the two mends.

Know the difference between a cast and a mend, and the difference between an aerial and water mend.

Helpful Definitions:

Mend: Manipulating the fly line layout by rod movement after loop formation on a delivery cast. A mend affects the rod leg and not the fly leg of the loop.

Aerial Mends – mending before the line/leader lands on the water.

Water Mends – mending after the line/leader lands on the water.

Shooting Line: Increasing the amount of fly line outside the rod tip by releasing the line after the Stop.

Slipping Line: Increasing the amount of fly line outside the rod tip by releasing the line and moving the rod either before or after a Casting Stroke.

A Fly Being Dragged: Unnatural movement of the fly at a different speed from the current. Drag is created by the current pulling on the line/leader. Drag can be obvious, with the fly speeding up and skating across the water, but sometimes it is very subtle and hard to see. Even subtle drag can cause rejections by fish.

Drag-Free Drift: The fly moving downstream in a natural manner at the same speed as the current, giving no indication that it is tethered to a fly rod.

Aerial Mends are most often used in moving water to produce drag-free drifts. When teaching an aerial reach mend, it is best for the student to learn it first without slipping line and then progress to slipping.

In the CI exam, the reach mend tasks begin with a 40 ft. overhead cast. At the stop of a forward cast, the rod is immediately reached either right or left and lowered before the fly lands. When not slipping line, the reaching action consumes approximately 10 ft. of the line’s length and halts the fly’s forward movement, causing the fly to land less than 40 ft. away. A reach mend without slipping line is used to cast a fixed amount of line. This is useful when placing the fly precisely in a narrow feeding lane upstream of the fish. For instance, in a river flowing from right to left and the target landing point 30 ft. away, casting 40 ft. of line and reaching to the

right allows the fly to land in the target lane above the fish. It is excellent for dry fly presentation at short distances.

Slipping line while reach-mending allows the line to slip through the guides during the reach and avoids pulling the line back. The advantage with slipping is that the caster doesn’t need to cast past the target leading to spooked fish or snagging a grassy bank.

In the CI exam, be sure to pull enough extra line off the reel so the yarn fly lands near the 40 ft. target after slipping line during the reach. You might start by experimenting with 10 extra feet. Cast a good loop a little high to allow time to move the rod before the line falls. Then, just as the loop forms, mend immediately.

What Else to Watch: Not stopping crisply. Stopping too low and in front of caster. Waiting too long after stop to start moving rod. Good Back casts.

Task 5. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate a cast that produces a slack line presentation.

This task calls for a slack line presentation (without an aerial mend after the stop) that reduces drag on the fly.
There are several ways to produce slack line.
A Pile Cast is one.
When performing a Pile Cast, don’t lower the rod tip too quickly after the stop or else it will become a Pile Mend.
Practice with different loop shapes, narrow and wide; wide loops can produce more slack.
Be able to explain when this cast might be used. One example might be adding slack when fishing downstream.
If performing an Elliptical cast to set up the pile cast delivery: o It is easier to prevent ticking on the back cast. o Be sure to maintain continuous tension throughout the cast. There is no pause between the back cast and forward cast. o The casting plane changes from a sidearm cast to a more vertical or overhead casting plane. This separation of planes creates an oval shape to the back loop. o An elliptical cast, which is also known as a Belgian or oval cast, is also quite useful for casting large or heavy flies, sink tips and other complicated payloads.
What Else to Watch on Pile Cast: Ticking on back cast. Forward cast aimed too high (fly lands closer than 20 ft.) or too flat (lands beyond 30 ft.). Loss of control in wind.
A pile cast is only one option for this task, however, and it can be highly problematical in windy conditions. Other ways to do this which work better in the wind include:
Bounce cast. A slightly overpowered overhead cast which is stopped suddenly and hard, causing the line and leader to bounce back at the caster and land with ripples of slack in it.
“High stick finish”: making a normal overhead cast but letting the line land with the rod high. Dropping the tip to the ground/water will produce lots of slack near the rod tip.

Task 6. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate an aerial mend that produces a presentation with a series of waves in the line.

The wiggle mend is a slack line presentation with a series of aerial mends. Mends occur after loop formation but before the line hits the water. Reducing your line speed on the forward cast of a slack line mend helps make the “wiggles” more pronounced. Excess force can straighten your line
Begin the side-to-side rod movement after the stop and continue that motion all the way until the fly line reaches the water/grass surface. The farther you move the rod, the bigger the mends will be. Keeping the wrist firm helps control the tip movement. See diagram on the last page of the CI Exam.
The leader needs to be relatively straight on delivery. In order to accomplish this, there must be a minuscule delay before starting the mends.
Be able to explain when this cast might be used. Examples include: 1) Downstream presentation of a fly; 2) If a fish is in slower current than the current speed midstream, placing mends in the mid current will allow for a longer drag free float.
What Else to Watch: Inconsistent wave sizes, mending with too much force, not following falling line with rod tip, leader not reasonably straight, not enough points, no firm stop, incorrect trajectory. Tailwind can straighten out wiggles. Good back casts.

Task 7. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate a series of false casts beginning with the rod in the near vertical plane and progressing to the horizontal plane over a series of 6 to 8 false casts. The candidate must make at least two false casts at each plane.

Think of the vertical as being straight overhead at almost 12 o’clock.
There should be at least three different rod planes with controlled in-plane loops demonstrated.
This Task no longer requires increasing line speed as you progress from vertical to horizontal, but you may find it helpful to speed up to avoid ticking. Another option is to keep the rod plane quite high above the ground when it approaches horizontal.
If you do speed up ,your will rod bend will increase, which requires widening the casting arc. This is usually most effectively done by also increasing stroke length.
What to Watch: Tracking: scooped/underslung loops at horizontal from down and up tip path instead of moving the rod flat. Watching the reel orientation helps. Loss of loop control if arc (and stroke) improperly adjusted if speed increases.

Task 8. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate slow, medium, and fast false casting.

There needs to be a noticeable difference between the three casting speeds. Be sure to practice casting very, very slowly as well as casting fast. A ‘slow’ cast that is slower makes the contrasting medium and fast casts easier to create and see.
Explain the changes in the five essentials relevant to this task.
In order to move the rod faster, either more force is needed and/or it needs to be applied over a longer distance. As the rod moves faster, the rod will bend more, requiring widening the casting arc. This is usually best done along with an increase in stroke length.
The higher the line speed, the shorter the pause.
What Else to Watch: Ticking and loop control.

Task 9. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate narrow loop and wide loop roll casts.

If you stand on the tape, it’s a good idea to lay your line out well to your casting arm side before setting up your roll cast. Starting the fly on the tape and then keeping the rod tip out to your side when setting up will point your anchor across and inside the target line and risk involuntarily demoing the cast across the anchor fault if you aim parallel to the tape.
For narrow loops, start the casting stroke at 1 o’clock (be careful not to have too wide a casting arc), apply force smoothly, stopping the rod at about 10:30 with a crisp stop.
On narrow loops, it is expected that the fly line rolls out completely with the leader relatively straight.
For wide loops, increase the casting arc so that it is too wide for the amount the rod bends. Start the casting stroke at 2 o’clock and end at 9:30.
What Else to Watch: Hooking, failure to align anchor, D Loop and forward cast, casting across anchor, too much power, too low forward stop.

Task 10. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate an off-side narrow loop roll cast.

Be sure that the rod tip remains “off-side” throughout the entire cast, not just during the set up.
What Else to Watch: As in on-side roll cast above, plus not adjusting to increased hooking risk and the D Loop closer to caster than for an on-side roll cast.

Task 11. Casting 40ft (12.2m), demonstrate a narrow loop roll cast pickup and delivery and explain when this cast might be used.

Be sure to practice this cast on water and grass.
Be prepared to finish the task with a controlled back cast and forward cast meeting the 4’ or less loop size.
For this task, while keeping the same casting arc, tilt your casting trajectory upward in the front and lower in the back to allow enough time to change directions and not tick the water on the back cast (for example, 1:30 rather than 1:00 on the back cast, to 10:30, rather than 10:00 on the forward cast).
Know when to use this cast, such as when fishing and the fly and leader have sunk, have slack or have snagged on an object.
What Else to Watch: As in roll cast tasks above, plus not aiming forward delivery trajectory high enough, ticking from pausing too long before first aerial back cast.

Task 12. Beginning with the fly in hand, present the fly to targets at 20, 30 and 45ft (6.1, 9.1, 13.7m) on-side.

Change your trajectory as you go from 20’ to 45’ while maintaining four-foot loops or less. Loop control is half of the task requirement.
Choose a yarn fly color and size you can see easily on both water and grass.
Consider the sun and wind direction when laying out the course giving you the best chance of success. You can change the direction of the course if desired.
You may want to experiment with a closed stance (the foot on the side of the casting arm forward) and a more vertical cast.
If you do this, consider an elbow up/elbow down casting style to provide stroke length and control, especially for the 45 ft target.
Inexpensive soccer cones make good targets. If you practice accuracy using rings, the addition of a small bullseye can help focus your aim on dead center. However, rings are rarely used during exams.
Pausing slightly longer after the forward cast will cause the fly to hover above the target allowing you to judge both side-to-side accuracy and distance.
Hauling and shooting are allowed but you will probably be more consistent and accurate without doing either, if you don’t need to. Most candidates pinch the line against the cork with their rod hand before the delivery cast.
Because the distances are fixed, a little bit of strategy and tactics can help.

o Make sure you eyeball the amount of line outside the tip when you practice starting fly in hand, so that you have the right length of line/leader to hit the first 20 ft target without making adjustments;

o Know exactly how many shoots it takes to extend first from 20ft to 30 ft then from 30ft to 45ft;

o When you initially strip the line in from 55ft, take careful note of the amount of line off the reel as you strip in to the 45ft target. Use this mental picture as a double check in estimating the distance to that far target.

What Else to Watch: Be sure back cast loops conform. Trajectory and 180 degree principle. Last Cast Syndrome overpowering and ripping open the forward cast loop on delivery. Tracking errors are fatal, especially for the 30 and 45 ft targets.

Task 13. Demonstrate off-side accuracy casting to targets as described in Task 12.

Changing your stance can help with this task. Try dropping your off-side foot (i.e., the foot on the same side as your rod tip) back a foot or two and turn your body a little sideways.
Be sure that the rod tip stays on your off-side while false casting. See the diagram of the off-side cast on the last page of the exam. Visualize a wall on your off-side and scrape that wall with the rod tip from the back cast through the forward cast.
Having your casting partner watching your back cast loops can be a big help when training on this task. Tracking and back cast loop control off-side can be challenging.
Don’t be afraid to change the tape (i.e., the direction you are casting) if the wind is coming into your off-side while casting.

Task 14. Casting 50ft (15.2m) throughout the task, demonstrate at least 4 consecutive false casts while double hauling, including on the pick-up and delivery casts.

The length of haul for the back cast and the forward cast should be the same. Look at your hauling hand while casting. Video can help you see the length of the haul.
Watch your loop size to meet the exam standard. Focus on smoothness, not force.
Your hauling hand should mirror your rod hand, also starting and finishing the haul at the beginning and the end of the casting stroke.
There are many good articles written on the subject of double hauling, several of which can be found in The Loop on the FFI Website.
Clean your fly line so it will slide through the guides easily while hauling and returning the fly line. Clean line is important for distance as well.
What Else to Watch: Making sure to haul on every casting stroke (including the pickup). Watch for tails, tracking, and 180 degree principle adherence. Try for same haul length forward and back, avoiding short forward cast hauls. Good back casts.

Task 15. Demonstrate a cast to at least 75ft (22.9m).

To cast 75 ft. starting from 50 ft., you need to make several changes to your cast.
First, casting more line further requires that the line go faster, and to do this the rod needs to speed up. We could just apply more force over the same distance. But doing this and not tailing is not always easy. Another way to do it is by applying a similar amount of force over a longer distance.
When we move the rod faster it will bend more and require you to widen your casting arc to maintain a straight rod tip path. If we speed the rod up by increasing stroke length, this will help us widen our casting arc at the same time. An open stance (casting side foot back) will help with this. This longer stroke is usually easier to control and more efficient, since our bigger muscles get involved.
Hauling is permitted (and encouraged); it adds quite a bit of line speed when done properly. Your hauls should get longer as the length of line you are carrying gets longer.
Hauling can also reduce the work done by the rod hand, narrow the casting arc and shorten stroke length compared to an unhauled cast of the same distance.
This task is easiest if you plan to shoot 10-15 ft. or so to reach 75 ft, which means you must lengthen your cast to at least 60-65 ft. before delivering the fly.
Practice shooting line, including when to shoot and when not to shoot.
Improvements in distance casting are accomplished with practice and in small increments.
This task should be graceful and easy.
Avoid “last cast syndrome.” Do not be tempted to increase force on your delivery cast, which may result in a tailing loop at the finish of the cast. Instead, focus on keeping your loops stable, your hauls consistent, and eliminate any slack during the false casting cycle. The cast will deliver itself if these basics are observed.
What to Watch: Make sure to have a routine with a fixed number of casting strokes to reach a consistent shooting point. Tracking and 180 Degree Principle adventures, which are particularly harmful as line length and speed increase. Haul timing, length and symmetry. Good back casts.

b. Teaching Tasks (Tasks 16-22)

The Teaching Tasks section has two main purposes. First, to demonstrate your ability to relay information efficiently and effectively to students. Second, to demonstrate your understanding of fly casting mechanics and concepts.

If you want to know what you must cover, read the expectations for each task listed on the exam. If a candidate has a thorough knowledge of casting mechanics, it should be easy to write a script for each task. Be sure to include a combination of auditory (verbal), visual and kinesthetic teaching methods throughout the teaching section as you develop the scripts. It is best not to wait until the very last to prepare them. Start earlier in your journey and let your teaching method evolve with you.

When preparing, compare your studies with that of a stage play. Before stepping onto the stage, an actor will surely know their lines. The teaching tasks are not any different. It is recommended to first write out your answers as simply as possible. Read them out loud and time them. Send them to a mentor for review. Next practice in real time. Practice in front of people or take a video. Be sure to give yourself enough time to go through the above process for all the teaching tasks.

Task 16. Explain and demonstrate to a beginner caster how to form a casting loop and change its shape.

Avoid over-explaining! Keep things simple. This task focuses on a beginning student. A common fault would be to overload the beginning caster with technical terminology.
Define what a loop is, describe the three loop components (fly and rod legs, and nose) and these three basic loop shapes (narrow with straight fly leg, convex fly leg and tailing), using both static and dynamic demonstrations.
Explain and demonstrate how loops are formed. Emphasize rod tip path and its relationship to loops. Static and/or dynamic methods of demonstration may be used.
Include student involvement in structured practice, drills, or exercises or a combination of any or all of these.
Be able to demonstrate a narrow, wide, and tailing loop.
Teaching this task through ground demos in slow motion is very effective.

Task 17. Teach a beginner caster the Pickup and Laydown Cast (PULD).

First Back cast Loop Understanding how to execute the initial pick-up when performing narrow back cast loops is critical to the success of the CI exam. Lift position can vary slightly and that will affect back loop trajectory, but the casting arc must stay the same.

Here is an example of a 40 ft. PULD cast. Lift to 10:30 or 45 degrees in order to position the rod properly to begin an effective backcast. During the lift, medium speed is required; lift too slow

and slack may form, preventing the rod from beginning to bend, and too fast a lift throws the line upwards.

Be careful not to pause at 10:30. Once at the 10:30 position, initiate the casting stroke with smooth acceleration to the Stop at 1:00. After a slight pause, initiate the forward cast and stop at 10:30. After the stop, the rod tip then follows the line as it goes forward and down to the ground.

The tip path trajectory has been established at 10:30-1:00 and 1:00 to 10:30 following the 180 Degree Principle. This casting arc is tilted slightly up in back, down in the front – a typical fishing cast trajectory.

Demonstrate the PULD cast. Make sure your cast is as good as the initial back cast in task #1.
Use short, simple steps and remember the caster’s ability level outlined in the task.
Describe when the PULD cast might be used. Ask yourself “why is it being taught?” It is: o A basic fly fishing cast. o A foundation for other casts and an efficient way to learn how to begin and end them.
Explain and teach each step in how to do the PULD cast including a description of a) initial line organization, b) initial rod tip position, c) lift, d) backward acceleration to a stop, e) a pause, f) forward acceleration to a stop, and g) lower the rod tip to the water following the line down.
Have the student/examiner pantomime the PULD one step at a time or use a kinesthetic method. This is a teaching task not just a demonstration.
Have the “student” do the entire cast.
The demonstration and instruction must match.

Task 18. Teach a beginner caster to make a roll cast in which the fly line rolls out completely with the leader relatively straight.

Be clear on the steps you use to teach the roll cast.
Be able to describe: o Anchor: The fly and leader/fly line in contact with the water at the bottom of the D Loop. o D Loop: A round shaped back cast loop between the rod tip and the anchor of an Anchored cast.
Understand the Functions of: o An Anchor:
Stops the line from slipping backwards during the formation of the D Loop and the forward delivery.
May assist in providing tension against which the rod pulls, thereby creating load. Note: The anchor should always be on the downwind side of the caster and aligned with the target prior to the forward cast.

o The D Loop:

It is our back cast – the line behind the rod tip that we energize to make the forward cast; it’s just folded over itself rather than straight like in an aerialized cast.
Helps aim forward delivery – when the D Loop, the anchor and the forward cast line up laterally with the target (180 principle for anchored casts) we maximize the likelihood of a safe; accurate, and efficient forward delivery.
Know the many times a roll cast can be useful, such as: o When an aerialized back cast cannot be made due to obstructions o To remove slack from the line o When raising a sunk line to the surface o When a fly is stuck on an obstacle such as a rock

o Getting a large blunt-faced fly airborne with minimal water disturbance

The force needed to make a roll cast is more than what is needed to make an aerialized cast of the same distance. Only the line in the D Loop can be effectively energized and it must have enough momentum to also overcome the water “stick” of the line/leader.
Roll casts are not generally good change of direction casts, and the longer the line the harder it is. With casts of around 40 feet, the greatest angle change that can be made is approximately 15 degrees before the delivery cast suffers.

Task 19. Identify and correct three casting faults commonly made by beginner casters while learning the overhead cast and roll cast.

• The Task 19 Aerial/Overhead casting faults and Roll Cast faults were discussed earlier.

They are listed again below along with some suggestions.

• Be able to identify and correct each fault by using the Six-Step Method • Some of these faults like tracking, hooking and casting across the anchor are difficult to

see in a side view from the caster, so feel free to safely move around for a view close to in front of or behind the caster, and within reason to ask your “student” to cast again if you couldn’t see the fault clearly.

• Overhead Casting Faults

o Over-bending the wrist

It may make sense to suggest better rod or hand start and stop positions. o Poor application of force
You may be most likely to see a power spike resulting in a tailing loop or a concave fly leg. A longer, smoother stroke producing a steady increase in rod speed is a good fix. o Failure to remove slack (self-explanatory) o Poor tracking
You are likely to see a tip path curved sideways producing out-of-plane loops.
A good fix can be keeping the reel in one plane and pointing at the target throughout the casting cycle. o Poor timing
You could either see too short a pause (crack the whip, or for really short pauses an undulating line which doesn’t properly unroll) or too long a pause (ticking).

• Roll Cast Faults

o Forward stop that is too low

Usually too low near the ground/water. You might suggest a higher forward stop then follow down. o D-loop is placed directly behind the caster (hooking)
Encourage student to keep rod tip well out and away from them, especially during final phase of D loop setup just before delivery. o Delivery cast crosses the anchor causing a collision
Encourage the student to aim just inside the anchor.

Task 20. Teach an intermediate caster the cause and correction of tailing loops.

• A static visual aid of tailing loops is helpful, such as the line laying on the ground with

the fly leg crossing the rod leg twice.

• A concave rod tip path is the root cause of all tailing loops. The concavity is caused by

either using too small a casting arc, failure to smoothly apply force, or both.

• Creep (drag which leads to casting fault) can contribute to a tailing loop if drag results in

too narrow a casting arc and the caster then applies power inappropriately.

Task 21. Teach an intermediate caster the adjustments needed to maintain consistent narrow loops while false casting to change distance from 30ft (9.1m) to 50ft (15.2m), and the reasons for those adjustments.

• This task requires an understanding of the Gammels’ Five Essentials and how they are

adjusted. Given that slack must be kept to a minimum and the path of the rod tip travels in a relatively straight line, the remaining essentials that must be adjusted are pause/timing, casting arc, and force.

• When changing cast distance from 30 to 50 feet:

o Casting a longer line requires that either more force be applied or it be applied over a longer distance. o This change in force application causes the rod to bend more. o More rod bend requires that the casting arc be wider. o The pause needs to be longer. o Hauling is now allowed on this task, and it may be a good idea to introduce it as the line gets to 50 ft.

Explain and demonstrate this concept: Short line, shorter stroke length; long line, longer stroke length. Know that when extending the cast increasing stroke length may not be necessary, but increasing casting arc is! However, in practice, increasing stroke length is common and can increase casting efficiency, particularly when casting longer distances.

Teach this concept: As the length of the carried line increases, applied force and/or the distance over which we apply it must also increase. Increasing the distance over which we apply force by increasing stroke length can be an effective way to avoid overpowering the cast. Short cast, short stroke; long cast, long stroke. The demonstration should make these adjustments easily seen while maintaining consistent loop size of 4’ or less, gradually extending line from 30’-50’.

Task 22. Teach an intermediate caster how to cast safely with a head wind, a tail wind, and then teach three methods of casting safely with the wind blowing onto the casting arm side. For a light wind, teach a method keeping the line on the upwind side of the caster for all or part of the cast. For stronger winds, teach two methods keeping the line on the downwind side of the caster throughout the cast.

Explain the challenges each different wind direction presents, including any safety concerns. Do one wind direction at a time. o Casts might include: horizontal cast, off shoulder overhead casting, a back cast presentation (Barnegat Bay) a forward cast away from the target and an off-side forward cast toward the target (Galway), an Elliptical cast or casting with your non-dominant hand. o With headwind and tailwinds, we want to focus most on the loop that is being thrown into the wind. The fly leg of the loop must be straight, line speed increased, and the trajectory appropriate for the desired delivery. For a head wind, trajectory should be up in back/down in front. For a tailwind, a flat or slightly lowered back cast is followed by an upward trajectory forward delivery cast.